IYCF (Infant and Young Child Feeding)

WHO/UNICEF guidance on infant feeding in the context of ebola

West Africa crisis 2014 Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil Background Breastfeeding has clear short-term benefits, but its long-term consequences on human capital are yet to be established. The research aimed to assess... Interim Operational Considerations for the feeding support of Infants and Young Children under 2 years of age in refugee and migrant transit settings in Europe The note outlines benefits, risks, options, and resources for supporting appropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) in children under 2 years of age in refugee... Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices: Standard Operating Procedures for the Handling of Breastmilk Substitutes (BMS) in Refugee Situations for Children 0 - 23 months These SOP provide guidance on how staff of UNHCR and UNHCR partners should manage artificial feeding in refugee contexts to protect both breastfed and non-breastfed... Flyer on IYCF Feeding Support in Transit This is a flyer developed by the facebook group "Infant Feeding Support for Refugee Children". Members of this group, who are breastfeeding advocates,... Infant feeding in the context of ebola This guidance guidance document on infant feeding in the context of Ebola was produced through informal consultation involving UNICEF technical advisors at HQ,... C-MAMI Tool, Version 1 (2015) The C-MAMI Tool provides a health worker with a format to assess, identify/classify and manage uncomplicated acute malnutrition in infants < 6 months of age in the... Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies: Making it Happen. Report of a regional workshop on IFE (2008) Report of a regional workshop on IFE held in Bali, 10-13 March, 2008. Organised by ENN/IFE Core Group, in collaboration with UNICEF NY, UNICEF regional offices,... Infant and young child feeding counselling: An integrated course (WHO and UNICEF) Background: There are three existing courses available from WHO/UNICEF: Breastfeeding Counselling: A Training Course (5 days) HIV and Infant Feeding Counselling: A...

Introduction to Nutrition in Emergencies- Basic Concepts; UNICEF E-learning course Introduction to Nutrition in Emergencies- Basic Concepts; UNICEF E-learning course This online course covers basic concepts around the humanitarian system and... Breastfeeding counselling: A Training Course Contents: This course is designed to provide health workers with the clinical and interpersonal skills needed to support mothers and their children to breastfeed... IYCF: Formative Research for Infant Feeding Programs: Skills and Practice for IYCF and Maternal Nutrition Content: Formative research looks at the community in which an organization is implementing, or plans to implement, programme activities and helps the organization to... Essential Nutrition Actions to improve the nutrition of women and children - including under situations of emergencies and HIV: Training materials, Ethiopia Trainer's Guide - Using the Essential Nutrition Actions to Improve the Nutrition of Women and Children in Ethiopia, including under Situations of Emergencies and HIV... Training of Trainers for Mother-to-Mother breastfeeding support groups Contents: The purpose of this course is two fold: to train community health workers to facilitate infant feeding mother-to-mother support groups and to train trainers... Recomended feeding & dietary practice to improve infant and maternal nutrition Used in training in Somalia by UNICEF. Please download below. IFE Module 1 Note: This module has now been updated to Module 1, v2.1, 2010. Module 1. Infant feeding in emergencies. For emergency relief staff. Orientation and... Infant Feeding in Emergencies (IFE) Module 2, Version 1.1 (2007) For health and nutrition workers in emergency situations. Module 2 has been developed through interagency collaboration and consultation with many experts and field... Christian Aid partner in Gaza requests baby milk after sewage flood Christian Aid partner in Gaza requests baby milk after sewage flood: www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/218275/117552179971.htm An example of a request for... Operational Guidance on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies, v 2.1 (2007) Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies Operational Guidance for Emergency Relief Staff and Policy-Makers. The guidance provides concise practical but mainly... WHO guiding principles for feeding infants and young children during emergencies

Sets out the 10 guiding principles on feeding of infants and young children during emergencies to prevent excess morbidity and mortality in emergencies. Covers... Infant Feeding in Emergencies (IFE) Making it Matter: Report of an international strategy meeting (2006) Report of an international strategy meeting on infant and young child feeding in emergencies, held by the IFE Core Group in Oxford, 1-2 November, 2006. Celebrating the Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding Past Achievements, Present Challenges and Priority Actions for Infant and Young Child Feeding This report reviews the developments in breastfeeding promotion in the... Operational Guidance - essential orientation Presentation on the Operational Guidance on IFE, version 2.1, 2007, part of the IFE Orientation and Training Day 11th July 2007, held at the Institute of Child... WHO Statement on iron supplementation in malarious regions WHO Statement on iron supplementation of young children in regions where malaria transmission is intense and infectious disease highly prevalent Consensus statement on Infant feeding and HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2006)

Summary of latest recommendations regarding HIV and infant feeding following a 3 day meeting in October 2006 that aimed to clarify and refine the existing UN... Review of policies and guidelines on infant feeding in emergencies - Common ground and gaps Review of policies and guidance on infant feeding in emergencies, common ground and gaps. Disasters, 2001, 25(2), 136-148 Conflict 1990s: From policy to practice: challenges in infant feeding in emergencies during the Balkan Crisis From policy to practice: challenges in infant feeding in emergencies during the Balkan Crisis. Disasters, 2001, 25 (20), 149-163 Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. Coovadia et al, Lancet... Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Enterobacter Sakazakii and Other Microorganisms in Powdered Infant Formula Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Enterobacter Sakazakii and Other Microorganisms in Powdered Infant Formula. Child Survival II: How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Child Survival II: How many child deaths can we prevent this year? THE LANCET • Vol 362 • July 5, 2003 • www.thelancet.com UKZN wins right for ARV trial on babies: Online South Africa news article Article published in online 'Mail & Guardian' South Africa 6th November... Breastfeeding saves lives after earthquake in Indonesia 100 breastfeeding peer counsellors trained in Indonesia following earthquake. Article and video. Also available here. Flash pasteurisation of breastmilk may prevent HIV transmission, news article Research showing pasteurization of breastmilk may kill HIV, also available at:... PMTCT programme insufficient in Malawi www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/5738b6ae0b7ade99a8b72bc9c0afce7.htm HIV positive and forced by poverty to breastfeed: News article on Malawi An article that appeared in the Telegraph newspaper on 16th December 2006. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/16/wmala16.xml In Zambia, a formula to fight AIDS Long article on HIV and breastmilk vs formula from Zambia. www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA121706.01A.ZambiaAIDS.304c9dc.html Ratih Sanggarwati, Indonesian model supports breastfeeding www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20061217.C01 Breastmilk a lifesaver for a baby in times of emergency: News article Also available here. S African Govt supports HIV positive mothers choosing to breastfeed with food parcels www.allafrica.com/stories/200704021550.html The wrong formula Guardian article supporting breastfeeding and criticising infant formula industry. commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/joanna_moorhead/2007/04/the_wrong_formula.html Nestle... Indonesia nears completion of regulations on the marketing of breast-milk substitutes www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070309.C02 Breastfeeding safer for some HIV-infected mothers in poor conditions Article also available here. Baby Formula goes to Manila Court: newspaper article

Article published in Australia on 3rd February 2007. www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/02/02/1169919534128.html Improving breastfeeding rates in Mali, the plan & benefits www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/planusa/117035748949.htm USAID press release on funding for infant feeding work www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2006/pr061226.html Red Cross endorsed concert appeals for powdered baby milk in Fiji, News article Also available from: www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=61152 Nestlé donates nutritional formula to Red Cross for victims of recent typhoons, Philippines, News Article Also available from: www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/JBRN-6Y2F7E?OpenDocument UN OCHA say infant milk needed following Durian, Philippines, News article Also available from: www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6WH33K?OpenDocument Engineer appeals for medicines and infant formula following Durian, Philippines, News article Also available from: www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/12/09/2003339733 Patients keep pouring into Indonesian hospitals despite receding flood waters: News article about babies becoming ill after having formula infected with E Coli News article about the floods in Indonesia in 2007 regarding infant feeding. www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/23/asia/AS-GEN-Indonesia-Flooded-Hospitals.php With poverty so immense, how we help is crucial Tanya Plibersek, Australian politician, comments on Australian foreign policy, and inappropriate use of infant formula... Distribution of powdered milk to returning refugees, Rwanda, News article Available from: www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/222031/116289365035.htm Distribution of powdered milk & formula in Gaza and West Bank, News article Also available from: www.pcrf.net/emergency/emergency.html NGO provides Bishop with infant formula to hand out to the needy, News article on Sri Lanka Also available from: www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=7734 Singapore Red Cross donate food packs containing milk biscuits for babies, Indonesia, News article Also available from: www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/249900/1/.html and www.standardnewswire.com/news/67589467.html Singapore Red Cross supplies milk powder to flood victims in Malaysia, News Article National Council of Churches in Australia (NCCA) supply baby milk in East Timor, News article www.ncca.org.au/cws/at_work_with_our_partners/assistance_in_emergencies For briefing on East Timor see page 4. ACT/Christian Aid partner supplies milk powder following Durian, Philippines: News article Also available from: www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACIO-6WMDQJ?OpenDocument Indonesian Government distribute baby food/milk to flood victims, News article Also available from: www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/JAK117949.htm Comment on long term impact of inappropriate distribution of infant formula: News article from Armenia Also available from: armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=2003&CID=2080&IID=&lng=eng Blog-entry tells of Islamic Reliefs distribution of powdered milk and Infant Formula Also available from: naazishyarkhan.blogspot.com/2007/02/true-spirit-of-ramadan-chicago-style.html Infant Formula Distributed in Nablus, Palestine, News article Also available from: www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/03/07/18373811.php Infant feeding in emergencies: experiences from Lebanon Also available from: www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/HPN/18db00b1c08f59f11256b8a189f1835e.htm Powdered milk distribution, Sri Lanka, News article www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/JBRN-6YPF57?OpenDocument In order to supply the dry rations for recently displaced people living in Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu... Tsunami survivors queueing for formula milk in Sri Lanka, News video Also available from:... Singaporean NGOs distribute powdered milk and baby food to flood victims, News article Also available from: www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/249096/1/.html Distribution of baby bottles and milk by Brunei after Tsunami in Aceh, News article Also available from: www.bruneitimes.com.bn/details.php?shape_ID=15125 Communal breastfeeding practices in Cameroon and its relation to HIV/AIDS: News piece Myanmar mother afraid that milk had dried up whilst under detention by Malaysian authorities www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/UNHCR/45efe1e6ff12b51b551e312a0ae04f27.htm Story of baby unable to be breastfed after mother dies in floods in refugee camp www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/mcguffin/20061205.html Mother breastfeeding in Philippines after Durian www.gulf -times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=121568&version=1&template_id=45&parent_id=25 A Little Booklet About Disaster Management This short booklet aims to inform community members involved in disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis, of essential precautions and measures that should be... Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding This publication sets out the challenges on improving infant and young child feeding practices, and the types of interventions governments and other stakeholders will... Infant and Young Child Feeding: Innocenti Declaration 2005 A call for action following 15 years since the Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding and the 2002 Global Strategy for Infant...

Data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 43 countires between 1998-2004 on breastfeeding, consumption of food, etc compiled by USAID.... Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacter sp. from food and food production environments Research paper on bacteria in food products, with a special focus on infant formula and powdered milk. See also WHO Guidelines for the safe preparation, storage and... WHO/FAO guidelines for the safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula IMPORTANT NOTE: These guidelines, leaflets and poster have NOT been made with the emergency setting in mind. Hence pictures of bottle feeding should be used with... Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) in Emergencies: A UNICEF Toolkit A manual and toolkit for behaviour change communication in emergencies from UNICEF ROSA. Target groups include: Programme managers from UN, NGOs, partners and governments. Using the Essential Nutrition Actions to Improve the Nutrition of Women and Children in Ethiopia, including under Situations of Emergencies and HIV and AIDS Linkages and the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative produce this manual and materials from a four day training course for pre-service instructors of health... The impact of infant feeding practices - from relief to sustainable development. Keynote address at IBFAN International Meeting on IFE Situations, Croatia, October 1998 Keynote address from the International Meeting on Infant Feeding in Emergency Situations by Dr Aileen Robertson. Event hosted by IBFAN, WEMOS & Baby Milk Action,... International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes & Resolutions The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, 1981, and subsequent resolutions by the WHO/UNICEF. The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk... International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes - Code Watch, 25 years This leaflet, prepared by WABA for World Breastfeeding Week 2006, is a concise summary of the code that can be used to summarise it's meaning and importance. It can... A Generation on: Baby milk marketing still putting children's lives at risk - media briefing A Generation on: Baby milk marketing still putting children's lives at risk. Media briefing by Save the Children (UK) on the Code using examples from UK,... Why infant formula causes deaths due to diarrhoea A paper that describes how the use of infant formula contributes to diarrhoea in emergency and resource limited settings. Explains the causes of diarrhoea and how... UNHCR policy related to the acceptance, distribution, and use of milk products in refugee settings UNHCR policy on use of milk products in infant feeding in refugee settings. Originally written in 1989, and updated in 2006 with the help of the ENN, the IFE Core... Recommendations on infant feeding in emergencies Joint policy on infant feeding from UNICEF, the WHO, and the Indonesian Society of Paediatricians (ISP) produced following the Tsunami. covers breastfeeding and... A tool for assessing national practices, policies and programmes This tool is designed to assist countries in: summarizing current data with regard to infant and young child feeding practices, assessing the strengths and... WHO global data bank on breastfeeding and complementary feeding Can put in survey details to add to data and also search it for background data on a country. Entry web page is here. Questionnaire from Bolivia Community Assessment of Infant Feeding Practices LINKAGES and its PROCOSI partners in Bolivia used this survey form to gather information on infant feeding practices among mothers of infants less than 12 months old.... Questionnaires from Ethiopia Community Assessment of Essential Nutrition Actions and Other Health Behaviors LINKAGES and the ESHE Project used these 4 survey forms in Ethiopia for household interviews and interviews with mothers of infants 0-11 months, 12-23 months, and... IFE and the International Code

Part of a presentation on the Code for the IFE Orientation and Training day, held on 11th July 2007, at Institute of Child Health, London. Media Guide on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies A two page flyer outlining how the media can help protect and support appropriate and safe infant and young child feeding in emergencies. Diarrhoea risk associated with not breastfeeding in Botswana (summary) Diarrhoea risk associated with not breastfeeding in Botswana. Summary of report and presentation in Field Exchange 29, Dec 2006 p.22 Botswana diarrhoea outbreak... Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalisation in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study. 1Bahl R, Frost C, Kirkwood BR, Edmond K, Martines J, Bhandari N, Arthur P. Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalisation in the first half of... WHO guiding principles of feeding non-breastfed children 6-24 months There are a number of infants who will not enjoy the benefits of breastfeeding. They include children born to HIV-positive mothers who choose not to breastfeed and... PAHO/WHO Guiding principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child A review of feeding guidelines promoted by various national and international organizations has shown that there are inconsistencies in the specific recommendations... Home fortification in emergency response and transition programming: Experiences in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia (Sprinkles) Describes the post-tsunami experience using Vitalita Sprinkles for children > 6 months. Saskia de Pee, Regina Moench-Pfanner, Elviyanti Martini, Stanley H.... Infant feeding in the South Asia earthquake aftermath Weighing scales for young infants: A survey of relief workers Field Exchange 29 December 2006, p.11 Survey of weighing scales used for young infants, by staff working in emergencies. This led to the concept of a scales for 0-5... Assessment of nutritional status of chidren <5yrs of age, pregnant women & lactating women living in relief camps after the tsunami in Sri Lanka Assessment of nutritional status of children under five years of age, pregnant women, and lactating women living in relief camps after the tsunami in Sri Lanka. R....

Balanced source of nutrition for human being

By James Achanyi-Fontem

CEO Cameroon Link A balanced diet is one that gives your body the nutrition it needs to function properly. In order to get truly balanced nutrition, you should obtain the majority of your daily calories from fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. What Are Calories? The number of calories in a meal is a measure of the amount of energy stored in that food. Your body uses calories from food for walking, thinking, breathing, and everything else it does. The average person needs to eat about 2,000 calories every day to maintain his or her weight. A person’s daily calorie intake should be based on age, gender, and physical activity level. Men generally need more calories than women, and active people need more calories than sedentary (inactive) people. The following examples of calorie intake are based on Cameroon Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Animal Breeding guidelines: •children ages 2 to 8: 1,000 to 1,400 •active women ages 14 to 30: 2,400 •sedentary women ages 14 to 30: 1,800 to 2,000 •active men ages 14 to 30: 2,800 to 3,000 •sedentary men ages 14 to 30: 2,000 to 2,600 •active men and women over 30: 2,200 to 3,000 •sedentary men and women over 30: 1,800 to 2,200 The source of your daily calories is just as important as the number of calories you consume. You should limit your consumption of “empty calories,” or those that provide little or no nutritional value. The Cameroon Ministry of Agriculture defines empty calories as calories that come from sugars and solid fats, such as butter and shortening. According to the Cameroon Ministry of Health Cameroonians consume empty calories most often in: •bacon and sausages •cakes •cheese •cookies •doughnuts •energy drinks •fruit drinks •ice cream •pizza •sports drinks and sodas Why a Balanced Diet Is Important A balanced diet is important because your body’s organs and tissues need proper nutrition to work effectively. Without good nutrition, your body is more prone to disease, infection, fatigue, and poor performance. Children with a poor diet run the risk of growth and developmental problems. Bad eating habits can continue for the rest of their lives. Rising levels of obesity and diabetes in Cameroon are prime examples of the effects of poor diet and lack of exercise. The department for health promotion of the ministry of public health reports that four of the top 10 leading causes of death in Cameroon are directly influenced by diet. These are: •heart disease •cancer •stroke •diabetes How to Achieve a Balanced Diet At the core of a balanced diet are foods that are high in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients and low in unnecessary fats and sugars. The following are essential parts of a balanced diet. Fruits Besides being a great source of nutrition, fruits make quick and tasty snacks. Choose fruits that are in season in your area—they are fresher and provide the most nutrients. Vegetables Vegetables are primary sources of essential vitamins and minerals. Dark, leafy greens generally contain the most nutrition and can be eaten at every meal. Examples include spinach, kale, green beans, broccoli, and collard greens. Grains In Cameroon, we consume refined white flour more than any other grain. During the refining Grains In Cameroon, we consume refined white flour more than any other grain. During the refining process, the hull of the grain—the outer shell—is removed. Unfortunately, the hull is where the majority of the grain’s nutrition lies. Whole grains, which are prepared using the entire grain, including the hull, provide much more nutrition. Try switching from white to whole-grain breads and pastas. Proteins Meats and beans are primary sources of protein, which is essential for proper muscle and brain development. Lean, low-fat meats such as chicken, fish, and certain cuts of beef and pork are the best option. Removing the skin and trimming off any visible fat are easy ways to reduce the amount of fat and cholesterol in meats. Nuts and beans, such as lentils, peas, almonds, sunflower seeds, and walnuts, are also good sources of protein. Tofu, tempeh, and other soy-based products are excellent sources of protein and are healthy alternatives to meat. Dairy Dairy products provide calcium, vitamin D, and other essential nutrients. However, they are also major sources of fat, so it is best to choose reduced-fat or fat-free cheeses, milk, and yogurt. Oils Oils should be used sparingly. Opt for low-fat versions of products that contain oil, such as salad dressing and mayonnaise. Good oils, such as olive oil, can replace fattier vegetable oil in your diet. Avoid foods that have been deep-fried in oil because they contain a large number of empty calories. The Sub department for food and nutrition of the ministry of public health highlights the key substances that Cameroonians should consume less of in order to maintain a balanced diet and a healthy weight: •alcohol •cholesterol •refined grains •solid and saturated fats •salt •sugars If you have questions about your diet or feel that you need to lose weight or eat better, schedule an appointment with your doctor or a nutritionist. They can suggest dietary changes that will help you get the nutrition you need and, if necessary, lose weight I hope this is helpful and answers your question. Thank you!

Are Protein supplements taken for better growth safe for the body?

By camlinknews

Bodybuilding requires intense training along with proper diet and nutrition. The bodybuilder aims to attain a certain physique; however, reaching that ultimate goal can be extremely difficult. Even a very healthy person’s diet may not contain all of the nutrients required to build a large amount of muscle mass. Therefore, many bodybuilders augment their routine with bodybuilding supplements. Lately, however, a few supplements have been shown to be harmful, causing many people to believe that all bodybuilding supplements have a negative effect on the body. Is this true? Bodybuilding supplement safety The main concern lies with confusing supplements with anabolic steroids. These products can adversely affect the human body when taken in large doses, damaging the liver and causing heart enlargement. Anabolic steroids also act on the reproductive system, damaging associated organs. Other dangers lie with untested supplements claiming to be miracle products. Before you begin to take any bodybuilding supplement, do research on the product. A bodybuilding supplement that claims to increase your muscle mass dramatically in an extremely short period of time can be either useless or very dangerous. However, some bodybuilding supplements, like creatine, amino acid supplements, or protein products pose far fewer risks. Creatine stimulates the uptake of amino acids, which in turn increases muscle growth. In fact, doctors may prescribe creatine supplements to people with neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders, as it rebuilds lost muscle tissue, thus increasing the patient’s overall strength. This product, along with other protein supplements, can improve bodybuilding performance with a low risk of side effects. Studies have shown it to be very safe, and it is legal. In fact, the main reason that creatine is used is for its effect of muscle increase! Another option for bodybuilding supplements is amino acid supplements. These usually come in pill form and contain different blends of amino acids. Although the human body naturally needs amino acids to function, taking them as a bodybuilding supplement works best when used in tandem with a muscle building workout routine. Since amino acids are either produced by the human body or found in the foods we eat, they naturally belong in the body. Therefore, taking amino acids as supplements only enhances their natural function. Protein supplements come in various forms, such as powders, bars, or pre-mixed shakes. Unlike the protein supplements of years past, today’s versions taste quite good while delivering high amounts of high quality protein, which is necessary to build muscle. In fact, in addition to helping a bodybuilder build muscle mass, protein supplements may benefit the body in other ways. A diet high in protein correlates to better overall health. As always, with any supplement you take, follow the instructions exactly and do not take more than the recommended amount.

Animal proteins and soy protein

By camlinknews

The recommended dietary allowances, or RDA, for protein are listed as total grams of dietary protein, regardless of whether the source is animal or vegetable. Animal and vegetable proteins, however, are different from each other in unique ways. Getting your daily protein from a variety of sources helps ensure that your body gets all the essential amino acids it requires on a daily basis. Proteins in food are made of amino acids. Some amino acids, called nonessential amino acids, your body can make -- while others, called essential amino acids; you have to get from your diet, because your body cannot make them. The nonessential amino acids include alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Usually, amino acids such as arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, ornithine, proline, serine and tyrosine are nonessential -- except during periods of illness and stress, notes MedlinePlus. The nine essential amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lycine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.

Animal proteins such as eggs, meat, chicken, poultry, as well as seafood and dairy products contain all the essential amino acids you need to build proteins within your body. With the exception of dairy foods, most animal-based proteins contain few – if any -- carbs, giving you a high percentage of your total calories from protein. Many protein-rich, animal-based foods such as red meat, egg yolks and dark-meat poultry, are also rich in zinc and heme iron, which is more readily absorbed in your body than the iron in plant-based foods. Benefits of Eating Vegetable Protein Getting your protein from plant-based foods such as soy, quinoa, other whole grains, legumes, as well as nuts and seeds, means that you’re more likely to have a lower intake of dietary cholesterol and unhealthy saturated fat. Proteins from soy and quinoa are classified as complete proteins because they contain all essential amino acids, much like the proteins from animal-based foods. A 2010 review in “Nutrition in Clinical Practice” reports that individuals following vegetarian diets have lower body mass indexes, lower blood cholesterol levels and lower blood pressure than non-vegetarians. Although not all plant proteins are complete proteins, you can still obtain all the essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant proteins during your day. Drawbacks of Animal and Vegetable Proteins Drawbacks exist for both animal- and plant-based proteins. Some proteins from animal foods such as high-fat meats and full-fat dairy foods, contain high amounts of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol, which can increase your risk for heart disease when consumed in excess. Many plant proteins contain some, but not all, essential amino acids. Eating soy is safe for most people. Soy proteins contain isoflavones, which resembles the female hormone estrogen. Pregnant women and those struggling with infertility should limit their intake of soy. Recommended Amounts Regardless of the source of your dietary protein, your total daily protein needs are based on your gender, size and activity level. The RDA for protein is 71 grams daily during pregnancy and lactation, 46 grams per day for other women and 56 grams of protein daily for men.

Amino Acids

camlinknews

AMINO ACID IMBALANCE The concept of amino acid balance is founded on a knowledge of the relationship between the amino acid composition of a protein and its biological value. A protein that provides amino acids in roughly the proportions in which they are required by the body is termed a balanced protein and has a high biological value : a protein that is low in one or more of the indispensable amino acids is termed an unbalanced protein and has a lower biological value. The more unbalanced a protein is, the lower the efficiency with which it is used and the greater the amount needed in a diet to satisfy the amino acid requirements (Block and Mitchell, '46-'47; Oser, '51; Almquist, '53; Mitchell, '54; Flodin, '53, '57). The term amino acid imbalance has arisen from studies in which adverse effects, beyond the expected fall in the efficiency of protein utilization, have been observed when the protein of a diet, usually one low in protein, has been thrown out of balance by the addition of amino acids or a quantity of an unbalanced protein. In order to reverse these adverse effects, such as retarded growth or an accumulation of liver fat, a supplement of the amino acid that is most limiting in the diet must be provided. Thus, an amino acid imbalance, There is even some difference of opinion about the use of the term amino acid imbalance (Harper, '58; Salmon, '58). For the present, an amino acid imbalance will be defined as any change in the proportions of the amino acids in a diet that result in an adverse effect which can be prevented by supplementing the diet with a relatively small amount of the most limiting amino acid or acids. This leaves open the question of whether there are different types of amino acid imbalances, i.e., whether imbalances caused by adding relatively small amounts of one or two amino acids to a diet (Hankes et al., '49; Deshpande et al., '58a) are identical with those produced by adding a relatively large quantity of a protein or of an amino acid mixture lacking a single amino acid (Salmon, '54; Deshpande et al., '55, '58a, b; Sauberlich, '56; Harper, '59). It excludes, however, those conditions described as antagonisms and toxicities (Harper, '58), in which adverse effects are caused by the addition of a fairly large excess of a single amino acid, and which are not known to be prevented by a relatively small supplement of the amino acid that is most limiting for growth. Similar to carbohydrates, proteins contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). However, unlike carbohydrates (and lipids) proteins also contain nitrogen (N). Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids. This name amino acid signifies that each contains an amino (NH2) and carboxylic acid (COOH) group. The only structural difference in the 20 amino acids is the side group represented by the R below.

Fig 2.211 Structure of an amino acid To illustrate the differences in the side group we will consider glycine and alanine, the two simplest amino acids. For glycine the R group is hydrogen (H), while in alanine the R group is a methyl (CH3). The structures of these two amino acids are shown below.

Figure 2.212 Structure of glycine

Figure 2.213 Structure of alanine Individual amino acids are bonded together through a dehydration reaction (-H2O) forming a dipeptide (2 amino acids). This bond between amino acids is known as a peptide bond and is shown in the two figures below. The following video also shows the formation of a peptide bond.

Figure 2.214 Peptide bond formation

Figure 2.215 Peptide bond formation part 21 Check Yourself What are the three components of an amino acid? Which is structurally different among the amino acids? Check Yourself What are the three components of an amino acid? Which is structurally different among the amino acids? Amino acids can also come together to form tripeptides (three amino acids), oligopeptides (3-10 amino acids), and polypeptides (10 or more amino acids). A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids as shown below.

Figure 2.216 A polypeptide chain2 References & Links 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptidformationball.svg 2. http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion/DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration /amino_acid.cfm?key=amino%20acids

Alternative Nutrition Diagnostics and Assessments

By camlinknews

Weight-for-height z-score and MUAC are the evidence-based norm for identifying, categorizing and treating wasting/acute malnutrition and height-for-age z-score is the standard indicator for stunting.. We occasionally see blood tests for screening of micronutrient deficiencies (iron mainly), but this is rarely done at a population level--except for large scale research. We continue to measure proxy indicators of our nutrition, yet technology is advancing faster than we can even comprehend. With all the laboratory research into finger prick and non-invasive techniques (mass spectrometry, plasma ionization) for understating micronutrient and protein profiles as well as alternative proxy nutrition indicators like handgrip strength tests, I am curious to know what the public health nutrition community's thoughts are on the future of nutrition diagnostics? SOME DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: What information do we ideally need to know to understand a person's nutrition and be able to act upon it? Is it necessary to have comprehensive understanding of nutrition status in order to address it effectively? How relevant are all these individualized assessments/diagnoses at the population level? Should we be looking at the factors affecting nutrition (dietary intake, gut microbiota, environment, and genetics) or focus more on measuring an individual’s full nutrition profile? What are your thoughts on handgrip strength (HGS) compared to MUAC or WHZ in measuring malnutrition? I haven't been able to find much literature on these matters. I look forward to your thoughts and a critical discussion). André BRIEND RESPONSES You raise an important but difficult question, on how to define malnutrition. A short answer to that is that there is no generally accepted “gold standard” to assess nutritional status. For this reason, in many programmes, MUAC is used as it is best to identify children with a high risk of dying, a clear indication that these children need intensive care, independently of their “true” nutritional status which we don’t know how to define. The problem with this “risk approach”, is that it is not applicable to older children (> 5 y) as the association between MUAC and risk of death in absence of treatment has not been investigated beyond this age. To determine which children should receive treatment, another criterion should be used. The best approach would be to use a functional outcome, such as hand grip strength, rather than a biochemical indicator with an unclear meaning. Comparing the ability of WFH and MUAC to predict this functional outcome, after adjusting for age, would be an interesting research project. Measuring body compartments, especially muscle and fat, with a clear function as nutritional reserve would be an interesting approach as well, but this is not easy. There is no simple reliable method as far as I know for instance to measure muscle mass in young children. I hope this helps,

Africa is negotiating for a new era of green industrialisation

By ECA External Communications

Africa can leverage opportunities from climate change to engineer a new era of industrialisation that can drive clean economic growth, create sustainable jobs and reduce poverty, according to the Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) Speaking at the African Pavilion at COP 21, Mr Carlos Lopes asserted that the rapid economic growth experienced by many African countries over the last decade comes despite major challenges that other continents have not had to face, such as complexities around intellectual property and more sophisticated trade regulations. “Africa is industrialising in an environment where achieving growth is more challenging. Windows that were open for other continents, enabling them to industrialise quickly and easily, are now closed for Africa.” However, in these seemingly adverse conditions lie clear opportunities which Africa can readily harness. As a latecomer, Africa can take immediate advantage of the new technologies that have been put in place over the last ten years. Africa has, for example, asserted itself as the leader in mobile banking technologies. In the same way, the continent is well placed to capitalise on new advances in renewable energy infrastructure and technologies. “We have the potential to access renewable energy at a time when the price for producing this energy is comparable to fossil fuel production. Industrialised countries will have to retrofit older infrastructure to harness the sector’s vast potential. Africa, however, is not married to any technological platform and is ready to leapfrog to these new, efficient and more sophisticated technologies.” Furthermore, with a rapidly growing population – set to reach 2 billion by 2050 – Africa will have an immense labour force ready to support this growth. By capitalising on these new technologies, Africa is poised to be the first continent to industrialise through powering renewable energy potential. “Our renewable energy potential is the best in the world, giving us a ticket for green industrialisation; a ticket to do things differently. Africa is here at the COP21 climate negotiations to clearly make this case. We are ready to negotiate hard for a climate deal that will allow the continent to pursue this pathway to a greener industrialisation that will not only further Africa’s development but also make a significant contribution to global efforts to reduce emissions,” Lopes concluded. ECA External Communications and Media Relations Section PO Box 3001 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 551 5826 E-mail: ecainfo@uneca.org